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【高考數(shù)學】高考數(shù)學復習應該注意的關(guān)鍵問題
瀏覽次數(shù):8410   添加時間:2009-10-9
一、突出“三基”、“綜合”與“聯(lián)系”,強化解題規(guī)范
  所謂“三基”,就是指基礎知識,基本技能和基本數(shù)學思想方法。“三基”是歷年高考的基調(diào)之一,復習時要抓住“三基”不放。 在此基礎上,注意各個獨立知識點是的內(nèi)在“聯(lián)系”與“綜合”,形成知識網(wǎng)絡。

 
 

高考題常常是在各個知識的交叉點上設計的。如題1:“直線y=2x關(guān)于x軸對稱的直線方程為( )A.y=- x B. y= x C.y=-2x D.y=2x”.本題是何等基礎,卻處于直線方程與點的對稱性的交叉處。又如題2:“復數(shù)z的幅角為600,且|z-1|是|z|和|z+1|的等比中項,求|z|。”此題稍有綜合,處于復數(shù)(復平面上的點、復數(shù)的幅角與模)與等比數(shù)列的交叉處。因此在高考數(shù)學復習中,要抓“三基”、“綜合”與“聯(lián)系”。做到既常抓不懈,又常抓常新;既“各個擊破”,又“融會貫通”;既熟練掌握,又靈活運用。在注意常規(guī)解法的同時,又注意研究特色解題,做到既掌握解題的“大法”、“通法”,又研究其“小法”、“特法”,多方考慮,縱橫聯(lián)系,從不同角度審視問題,以創(chuàng)新的意識指導解決數(shù)學問題。如題3:“已知長方形的四個頂點A(0,0), B(2,0),C(2,1) 和D(0,1),一質(zhì)點從AB的中點P0沿與AB夾角為的方向射到BC上的點P1后,依次反射到CD,DA和AB上的點P2,P3和P4(入射角等于反射角)。若設P4的坐標為(x4,0),若1<x4<2。則tanθ的取值范圍是( )。A.( .1) B.( . ) C.( . ) D.( . )。”該題如果先寫出入射線和反射線的直線方程再解(通法)不僅會很繁,也“不合算”,但是如果考慮到入射線和反射線的斜率是互為相反數(shù)(小法),那就會快一些,如果又考慮到點的對稱性就顯得更簡單了(特法)。
   數(shù)學高考題,即使是基礎題,也有一定程度的靈活性和綜合性。“邏輯性強,綜合性高,解題要求嚴”是高考題的三個基本特點。所以在高考復習乃至高一高二的日常數(shù)學學習中,都應重視對基本數(shù)學素養(yǎng)的訓練。如運算過程應盡量“一次成功”;強調(diào)正確表達過程,解題過程應嚴密規(guī)范;不重復不遺漏,精確讀題,細致審題;立體幾何(每年高考一般在20分左右,且必有一道解答題)的“一作二證三算”解題技巧;準確書寫答案,不在解題規(guī)范上失分;鎮(zhèn)靜應試,講究速度等等,都需要在日常學習中強化訓練,形成習慣。如題4:“已知正四棱柱ABCD-A1B1C1D1,AB=1,AA1=2,點E為CC1的中點,點F為BD1的中點,①證明EF為BD1和CC1的公垂線,②求點D1到BDE的距離。(圖略)”該題就充分體現(xiàn)了這些。
   二、重視“數(shù)學思想”,抓好“能力立新”
  數(shù)學思想方法,是數(shù)學知識在更高層次上的抽象和概括,它蘊涵于數(shù)學知識的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和應用的過程之中,是高考數(shù)學命題的凸顯特點之一。“傳授知識(掌握知識)”,“培養(yǎng)能力”,“方法滲透(即滲透數(shù)學思想)”是數(shù)學教學中由低到高的不同層次境界,“提高修養(yǎng)(即把數(shù)學文化及非智力因素的介入)”則是數(shù)學的最高境界。教師教學如此,學生學習如此,高考復習及高考更是如此。數(shù)學思想方法是數(shù)學之精髓。只有運用數(shù)學思想方法,才能把數(shù)學的知識與技能轉(zhuǎn)化為分析問題和解決問題的能力,才能形成數(shù)學素質(zhì)。如題5:“在某海濱城市附近海面上有一臺風。據(jù)監(jiān)測,當前臺風中心位于城市O(如圖,略)的東偏南θ(cosθ= )方向300 km /h的海面P處,并以20km/h的速度向西偏北450的方向移動,臺風侵襲的范圍為圓形區(qū)域,當前半徑為600 km,并以10 km /h的速度不斷增大,問幾小時后該城市受到臺風的侵襲(不考慮臺風是否增強或減弱)?”該題充分體現(xiàn)了數(shù)學的數(shù)據(jù)處理、數(shù)學建模、聯(lián)系實際等數(shù)學思想和方法(事實上,本題還可以加強,比如臺風侵襲該市的時間有多長等)。
  數(shù)學高考的重點和永恒的主題是“能力考查和測試。”教育部已明確宣稱:高考命題將從“以知識立意命題”向“能力立意命題”轉(zhuǎn)變。1999年就在全國范圍內(nèi)征集了大量的“能力題”,并從2000年開始逐步予以運用,估計以后還會逐年增加份量。因此,能力的培養(yǎng)與訓練是重中之重。但“能力”也必須更新,所謂“能力立新”,簡而言之,就是“能力”要適應時代的發(fā)展,特別是要與改革開放的時代脈博相適應。具體地講,就是要在抓好“四能”(即運算能力,空間想象能力,邏輯思維能力和分析問題解決問題能力)的基礎上,注意“能力之細化”,如收集處理信息能力,語言文字表達能力,抽象歸納(猜想)能力等,注意“能力之組合”,如數(shù)學建模能力,綜合聯(lián)系能力,跨學科應用能力和創(chuàng)新能力等。如題6:“設{an}是集合{2t+2s|0≤s<t且s,t∈Z}中所有的數(shù)從小到大排的數(shù)列,即a1=3,a2=5,a3=6,a4=9,a5=10,a6=12,┅,將數(shù)列{an}各項按照上小下大,左小右大的原則寫成如下三角形數(shù)表:
  3
  5 6
  9 10 12
  ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅
  ┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅
  (i)寫出這個三角形數(shù)表的第四行、第五行的各數(shù);
  (ii)求a100
  (附加題)設{bn}是集合{2t+2s+2r|0≤s≤t<r,且s, t,r∈Z }且中所有的數(shù)從小到大排列而成的數(shù)列,已知bk=1160,求k。” 又如題7:“在平面幾何里有勾股定理:設△ABC的兩邊AC,BC互相垂直,則AC2+BC2=AB2。拓展到空間,類比平面幾何的勾股定理,研究三棱錐的側(cè)面與底面面積的關(guān)系,可以得出的正確結(jié)論是:設三棱錐A-BCD三個側(cè)面ABC,ACD,ADB兩兩相互垂直,則______。”這兩題就很好地體現(xiàn)了“能力立新”的重 要性,具體包含了運算能力、空間想象能力、邏輯思維能力、信息收集處理能力和數(shù)學建模、聯(lián)系實際、知識創(chuàng)新等方面的能力。
  三、注意命題新動向,加強應試能力訓練
   高考的總體思路是“穩(wěn)中求進”和“注意考查能力”。說“穩(wěn)”,就是說許多“常規(guī)題”是歷年“不變”的,說“進”,就是每年均會推出一兩個新題型,如前些年的存款利率問題,2001年的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展問題,2002年的汽車增量控制問題,都是與時代脈博相適應的新題型。2002年的“剪拼題”更是令人耳目一新,引起了數(shù)學界的普遍關(guān)注。因此,在復習時,一方面要做到保證“常規(guī)題”的“熟悉感”,另一方面,又要做好新題型的設想與訓練。如題5是解三角形中有關(guān)航海問題的變形,只要練過航海問題,本題就不難解決。又如題3是對稱問題的重復組合等等。
   四、擴展組合數(shù)學習題,構(gòu)建知識網(wǎng)絡
   在復習時有意引導學生對書本或其他有關(guān)練習冊中的習題進行變形、擴展和組合,是提高學生解題能力,靈活應用有關(guān)知識,達到正確快速解題的有效方法。作為老師更要注意這一點。如我在一本雜志上看到這樣一題:球內(nèi)接正三棱錐底面邊長為a,側(cè)棱長為b,求球半徑。而在另一本習題集上有題:球內(nèi)接四面體A-BCD中,三側(cè)面ABC,ABD,ACD兩兩垂直,且AB=AC=AD,求球的表面積和體積。我把這兩題稍加變化并合起來即得到了與今年高考幾乎完全一樣的題:一個四面體的所有棱都為a,四個頂點都在球面上,求此球的表面積(高考題中棱長為 )。再如見題:把集合{3x+3y|x,y∈Z}中的元素從小到大排列成數(shù)列,求第50項的數(shù)。我將此題與二項式定理中的楊輝三角合并,讓學生練習,不想競成了今年高考的壓軸題(見題6)!又如有題:已知等邊圓柱的底面半徑為,上底面⊙O的圓周上一點A,下底面⊙O/圓周上一點C,AC的中點E,O/O的中點F,AC與底面成600角,求證:EF為異面直線AC,O/O的公垂線并求出這兩條異面直線的距離。我把等邊圓柱改成正四棱柱再略作變化即為高考題(見題4)

   要做到從容應對高考,加強應試能力素養(yǎng)的訓練和培養(yǎng)是必不可少的。因此,要把每一次的階段性檢測當作高考的模擬訓練,除在數(shù)學智力方面考查自己外,還應在非數(shù)學智力方面考查自己,如應變能力,考試心理,解題和書寫速度等。只有這樣,才能在高考進從容應付,考出較高的水平


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